In expanding transitions, flow can concentrate on one side of the expansion and design velocities should be increased. In areas where flow changes from tranquil to rapid and then back to tranquil, riprap sizing methods applicable to hydraulic structures (HDC 712-1) should be used. The procedures in this calculator are applicable to gradual transitions where flow remains tranquil.
Transitions in size or shape may also require riprap protection. The EM 1601 design guidance applies to riprap design for open channels not immediately downstream of stilling basins or other highly turbulent areas (for stilling basin riprap, use HDC 712-1, EM 1601 Plates 29 and 30).
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